None of them had any naval capability to speak of, and the Chinese territories they bordered were far from the centres of power. The Indian powers were outraged, but were unable to do anything about it. Lin confiscated and destroyed all opium his officers could find, while paying no compensation to the largely Indian and European merchants. Concerned over the social consequences of opium abuse, to say nothing of the outflow of precious silver to pay for it, the Emperor assigned the scholar and official Lin Zexu to oversee the suppression. The issue in question was an attempt by the Qing government, under the Daoguang Emperor, to halt the import and sale of opium in China. In 1839 AD, the true state of affairs would be violently revealed. By the middle of the 19th century, China was culturally, technologically, and economically stagnant yet utterly convinced of its superiority over all other civilizations.
Ruling for over two and a half centuries, the Qing presided over the greatest success and final decline of China's Imperial tradition. The Chinese Federation's roots were laid with the decline and fall of the Qing dynasty, China's last Imperial dynasty, which ruled from 1644 to 1911 AD.
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